INDEX

Abraham (see Lives of Abraham and Joseph), 83; model of the excellent man, 244.

Agrippa (King), Philo's life covers reign of, 45; Philo in Jerusalem during reign of, 50; arrives at Alexandria, 65; advanced to Kingdom of Judea, 69; intercedes at Rome for his people, 69; death of, 70.

Alexander (the Great), a notable figure in Talmud, 13; settles Jews in Greek colonies, 14; result of his work, 23.

Alexander Lysimachus, Alabarch of Delta region, 46; guardian of Antony's daughter, 46; restored to honor after imprisonment, 70.

Alexandria, Jewish community at (see Jewish), 13 ff., 41, 42 f.; Jewish population of, under Ptolemy I, 15; meeting-place of civilizations, 14, 48, 95; centre of Jewish life, 15, 129; two sections occupied by Jews, 16; prosperity of Jewa in, 21, 22, 32; anti-Semitic literature and influences in, 22, 62, 67, 74; Jewish tradition at, 27; synagogues at, 37; deputation to Jerusalem from, 41; rabbis flee to, 42; Agrippa finds a refuge at, 51, 65; mystical and ascetic ideas of people at, 55, 59; philosophical schools at, 63, 90, 92, 94, 140; development of Judaism in, 77, 255; Egyptian caste-system adopted at, 16; Jews of, popularize teachings of Bible, 34; Jews of, referred to, in Talmud, 42; Philo forced into Sanhedrin of, 61, 202, 203 f.; Philo member of, 61; disintegration of community at, 71; Zealots flee to, on fall of Jerusalem, 71; replaced by Babylon as centre of Jewish intellect, 78; Samaritans in, 106; antinomian movement in, 130; prototypes of Christian belief at, 155; Pythagorean influence at, 188; national life and culture undermined at (see National), 218.

Alexandrian, exegesis, characteristic of, 36; church, departs from Jewish standpoint, 72; Platonists, connection between Philo and later school of, 192; schools, relation of, to Palestinian, 199 f., 213; literature in the Dark and Middle Ages, 225 f.

Allegories of the Laws, an allegorical commentary, 74, 87 f.; attacks Stoic doctrines, 94; the Epistles, lineal descendants of, 247.

Angels, doctrine of, in Palestine, 140; Philo's treatment of, 150-1.

Antiochus Epiphanes, Palestine passes to, 17.

Anti-Semitic, party, Flaccus won over by, 65; literature and influences in Alexandria, 22, 62, 67, 74; party, punishment of, at Rome, 70.

Apion, a Stoic leader, 63; accuses Jews, 63, 67; Philo's references to, 63, 101; Josephus' reply to, 65.

Aquila, new Greek version of Old Testament made by, 224; rabbis' views of, 224.

Aristeas, spirit of, glorified in Philo, 77.

Aristobulus, first allegorist of Alexandria, 38; his spirit inherited by Philo, 77; on wisdom, 143; on the Word of God, 146; difference between Philo and, 168.

Artapanus, Jewish apologist, 77.

Assouan, Aramaic papyri at, 15.

Babylon, replaces Alexandria as centre of Jewish intellect, 73; Greek culture forgotten in, 224.

Bible, the, Philo's interpretation and views on, 49, 102, 108 ff.; Philo reveals spiritual message of, 83; authority of, challenged at Alexandria, 92; wisdom personified in, 141, 142.

Cabbalah, the, Essenes practitioners in, 233; Philo as the Hellenizer of, 235.

Caligula. See Gaius.

Chaldean, thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.

Christian, monastic communities, 73; heresy, a severance from main community, 72; theologians, fail to realize spirit of Philo, 124; reformers, and the yoke of the law, 130; teachers preserve Philo's works, 156, 248; writers quote Philo, 223; apologists imitate allegorical method, 245.

Christianity, the movement towards, 28; rise of, 42; conflict with Judaism at Alexandria, 72; Philo's writings regarded as testimony to, 156; Philo's influence over religious philosophy of, 195.

Conversion to Judaism, in Egypt and Rome, 32.

Courage, tractate appended to Life of Moses, 75.

Creation of the World, description of, 83.

Croiset, criticism of Philo by, 90.

Decalogue, The, contents of, 83.

Derash, Philo a master of, 103.

Dreams of the Bible, classed with Allegories of the Laws, 74.

Dubnow, on Alexandrian Judaism, 129.

Egypt, Alexander's march to, 14; settlement of Jews in, 14; connection between Israel and, 14; visited by Plato, 15, 172; Diaspora in, after Jeremiah, 15; a favored home of the Jews, 21; conversion widespread in (see Rome), 32; Flaccus, governor of, 65; Jews of, under same rule as Palestine Jews, 15.

Egyptian, populace, Philo on, 62; thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.

Epistles, the Pauline, lineal descendants of Allegories of the Laws, 247; doctrines of the Logos in, 250.

Essenes, rise of, 34, 54; account of, in Philo's works, 78; type of the philosophical life, 79; practitioners in the Cabbalah. 233.

Flaccus, won over by Anti-Semites, 65; indifference of, to attacks of Jews, 66; recall of, 66; Philo on the persecutions of, 78.

Frankel Z., writes on Alexandrian-Jewish culture, 241.

Gaius (Roman Emperor), comes to the imperial chair, 65; Jews appeal directly to, 66; receives Jewish deputation, 67; death of, 69.

Greek philosophers, Philo's relation to, 48, 52; philosophy, Philo's influence on, 49, 191 f.; colonies, Alexander settles Jews in, 14.

Greek culture, various branches of, 47; the chief schools of, 48, 54; fertilizing influence of ideas of, 58; and Jewish Scripture, 76; neglected in Babylon, 224.

Haggadah, the, in Philo's works, 202, 207 f.; antiquity of, 209 f.; allegorical speculation in, 212.

Halakah, outcome of devotion to Torah, 99; Palestinian Jews determine, 105; observance of oral law standardized in, 126; relation of Philo to, 202 f.; differences between Alexandrian Sanhedrin and Palestinian, 203 f.; codification of, 207.

Hebrew, language, evidence of Philo's knowledge of, 49; included in barbarian languages, 97; Philo's derivations from, 50, 101; race, the three founders of. 110 f.; tradition, Philo follows, 159; mind, Professor Caird on, 167.

Hellenism, of Palestine, 24, 25; of Alexandria (see Greek culture), 25; influence of, in Palestine, 51; and the interpretation of the Bible, 254; New Testament, a combination of Hebraism and, 247; Christian theology a descent to a commoner, 254.

Hillel, Philo contemporary with, 45; shows expansion of Hebrew mind, 45; on chief lesson of Torah, 117, 118; spirit of, shared by Philo, 249.

Humanity, tractate appended to a Life of Moses, 75.

Incarnation, notion of, not Jewish, 166.

Indian, thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.

Isaac. See Lives of Isaac and Jacob, 83.

Israel, Philo's derivation of the name, 50, 138; God's special providence for, 77; the mission of, 206, 242.

Italy, Philo visits, 66.

Jacob. See Lives of Isaac and Jacob, 83.

Jeremiah, prophesies in Egypt, 14; heard by Plato, 15.

Jerusalem, Alexander's visit to, 14; Philo, on national centre at, 20, 41, 86; spiritual headship of, 41; special synagogues for Alexandrians in, 41; derivation of name of, 50; Philo's sojourn at, 50; downfall of, 71; Judaism at, 129.

Jesus, spread of his teaching, 245; his message compared with that of Philo, 245; preaching of, effect on Jewish attitude to life, 246; Paul sets up a new faith in, 251.

Jewish, community at Alexandria (see Alexandria), 13 ff., 72; temple at Elephantine, 15; kingdom reaches its height, 45; mind, religous conception of, 49, 137, 166; law and ceremony, elucidation of, 49; race, symbol of the unity of, 51; aspiration toward "freedom under the law," 124; influences, dominant in Philo, 183, 189; philosophy, eclectic, 168; philosophy, new school of in Middle Ages, 225 f.

Joseph (see Lives of Abraham and Joseph), 83; as Egyptian statesman, 23.

Josephus, on Onias and Dositheus, 18; inconsistent accounts of Onias temple, 19; on Egyptian Jews, 20; account of Herod's temple by, 41; writes a reply to Apion, 65; description of Gaius' conduct to Jewish deputation, 68; on the spreading of Judaism, 115; indicates communication between schools of Alexandria and Palestine, 220; relation to Philo and his works, 222.

Jowett, on sermons, 90.

Judaism, genius of, 46, 196; Philo's exposition of, 52, 74, 78, 81, 84, 105; Philo protests against desecration of, 258; mysticism in, 58; philosophical, 72, 230; Alexandrian development of, 77, 92; moral teachings of, 85; religion of the law, 106, 116, 260; Josephus on the spreading of, 115; a religion of universal validity, 121, 169; at Jerusalem and Alexandria, 129; catholic conscience of, 130, 131; Darmesteter on, 132; Logos doctrine and, 165; danger of union with Gentiles to, 206; a national culture, 219; influences of Jesus and Paul on, 247; Hellenistic interpretation of the Bible and, 254.

Judas Maccabaeus, struggles against Hellenizing party, 18.

Krochmal, Nachman, criticism of Philo, 240.

Life of Moses, contents of, 75, 79 f.; an attempt to set monotheism before the world, 80; tractates appended to, 75.

Lives of Abraham and Joseph, description of, 83.

Lives of Isaac and Jacob, contents of, 83.

Logos, 143 ff.; its relation to God's Providence, 143; meaning of, 144-164, 148; Aristobulus on, 146; regarded as the effluence of God, 149; spoken of as a person, 156; the soul, an image of, 178; development of Philo's doctrine of, 192.

272

Maimonides, object of his Moreh, 91; principles of, 99, 229; comparison ot Philo with, 229 f.

Mark Antony, Alexander Lysimachus in the confidence of, 46.

Monastic communities, supposed record of Christian, in Philo, 78.

Moses, Philo a follower of, 60, 113 f.; Philo's ideal type, 79 f.; Philo, as interpreter of his revelation, 104, 106 f. See Life of Moses.

National, centre at Jerusalem, Philo on, 20, 41, 86; lite undermined at Rome and Alexandria, 218.

Old Testament, Septuagint translation of, 25-30; Aquila's new Greek version of, 224.

Onias, leader of army of Egyptian monarch, 18; successor to high priesthood, 18; builds temple, 18, 19 f.; temple of, dismantled, 71; Jewish writers silent about work of, 19.

Oral law, observance of, standardized in the Halakah, 126.

Origen, distinguishes three methods of interpretation, 76; teacher of Patristic school, 195; imitates Philo, 186.

Palestine, struggle for, between Ptolemies and Seleucids, 17; Hellenism of, compared with that of Athens, 24, 25; rabbis of, 28; Philo visits, 50; effect of Hellenic influence in, 54; New Moon a solemn day in, 121; aims of Jewish thought in, 140; doctrine of angels in, 140.

Palestinian Jews, under same rule as Egyptian Jews, 15; rabbis, oral tradition, 34; development of Jewish culture, 42 f., 200; Midrash, Philo's acquaintance with, 52; schools, relation existing between Alexandrian and, 199 f., 203 f., 213.

Paul, the most commanding of the apostles, 247; influence of; compared with that of Jesus, 247; rejection of the Torah by, 248; sets up a new faith in Jesus, 251.

Pentateuch, Samaritan doctrines with reference to, 106.

Peshat, as a form of interpretation, 103.

Philo, contemporary with Herod, 45, 50; family of, 46; works of 74 ff.; philosophical training of, 49; flees from Alexandria, 60; meeting of Peter and Mark with, 73; forced into Sanhedrin of Alexandria, 61; writings of, regarded as testimony to Christianity, 73, 156; influence of, over Christian religious philosophy, 195, 242 ff.; relation of, to Greek philosophers, 48, 52; acquaintance of, with Chaldean and Indian thought, 48; his interpretation and views of the Bible, 49, 102, 108 ff; evidence of his knowledge of Hebrew language, 49; follows Hebrew tradition, 159, 199 ff.; compared with Spinoza, 73, 134, 163; on persecutions of Sejanus and Flaccus, 62, 78; replies to attacks of stoics, 64, 95; stoics' view of God compared with that of, 185; goes to Italy, 66; refers to Apion, 63, 101; Josephus' knowledge of the works of, 222; Christian teachers preserve works of, 156, 247; relation of, to the Halakah, 202 f.; comparison of Maimonides with, 229 f.; doctrine of the Logos (see Logos), 144 ff.; connection between Saadia and, 226 f.; the Hellenizer of the Cabbalah, 235; opposed to missionary attitude of Paul, 249.

Plato, hears Jeremiah, 15; Philo's style reminiscent of, 48; conception of the Law in, 131; Philo's philosophy compared with that of, 170 ff.; dominant philosophical principle of, 174; a mystic, 230; conception of God in, 254.

Ptolemies, the: Ptolemy I, increases number of Jewish inhabitants in Alexandria, 15; IV, gives Heliopolis to Onias, 16; admirers of Scriptures, 23.

Questions and Answers to Genesis and Exodus, now incomplete, 75, 81 f.; a preliminary study to more elaborate works, 81; Hebraic in form, 82.

Repentance, tractate appended to Life of Moses, 75.

Rome, Alexandria second to, 14; conversion widespread in (see Egypt), 32; Agrippa an exile from, 51; power of Jews at, 62; Jewish struggle with, 220; Philo's apocryphal meeting with Peter at, 73; national life and culture undermined at (see National), 218.

Saadia, founds new school of Jewish philosophy, 225 f.; connection between Philo and, 226 f.

Samaritan, doctrines with reference to Pentateuch, 106; Jew, story of, 98.

Sanhedrin, Hillel, president of, 45; Philo forced into Alexandrian, 61; duties of members of, 61; of Alexandrian community, 202; of Jerusalem and capital punishment, 203; differences between Palestinian Halakah and Alexandrian, 203 f.

Sejanus, Tiberius falls under influence of, 62; Antonia opponent of, 62; Philo's book on persecution of, 62, 78; disgrace and death of, 65.

Septuagint, Hellenistic development marked by, 25; Philo's version of origin of, 26; celebrations in honor of, 27; infusion of Greek philosophic ideas into, 28; Christianizing influence of, 29; value of, to the cultured Gentile, 33; replaced by new Greek version of Old Testament, 224.

Solomon, Wisdom of, written at Alexandria, 31.

Specific Laws, The, description of, 83; socialism of Bible emphasized in, 86.

Spinoza, his ideal of life, 53; compared with Philo's, 73, 134, 163, 239; on Jewish thought, 137; influenced by Philo, 237 f; approaches Bible from critical standpoint, 239.

Stoics, the chief Anti-Semites, 63; Philo replies to attacks of, 64, 95; in conflict with Jews at Alexandria, 94; beliefs of, 64, 94, 116, 176; view of God compared with that of Philo, 185.

Synagogues, at Alexandria, 16, 37.

Tiberius Alexander, nephew of Philo, 71.

Tradition, Jewish, at Alexandria, 27; Philo and Jewish, 199 ff.

Zealots, flight of, to Alexandria, 71.